| p>Introducing new drugs or medical devices to the | | | | pre-clinical research, lasting for one to three years, |
| market can take up to twenty years and can cost | | | | where new chemical entities or clinical devices are |
| almost £2 billion to administer. A large number | | | | initially tested on animals. If these various tests prove |
| of aspects contribute to the conduct of research, | | | | to be effective and safe, the clinical testing in |
| product development and the actual clinical trials, | | | | humans begins, this is known as the early phase |
| which not only includes the clients' staff but also | | | | clinical trial. |
| includes physicians, academic research specialists, | | | | Once the chemical entity has been tested and |
| clinical staff as well as patients or medical volunteers. | | | | pending the results attained through the process of |
| The flow of data between the researchers and the | | | | clinical data management, Biotechnology and |
| sponsors should be maintained by the information | | | | Pharmaceutical companies can further advance the |
| system managers and this is monitored by the | | | | new drug or medical devise into new medicines. |
| relevant regulatory authorities. Before the | | | | Without the use of pharmacology companies or |
| commencement of a drug development program, | | | | clinical research organisations, Biotechnology giants |
| experts in health economics and other medical related | | | | would not be able to gain the data through |
| fields will make a true analysis of the market that the | | | | outsourcing but would have to implement clinical trial |
| new drug or medical device will be entering in. | | | | testing procedures which, as you have read above, |
| This long-lasting, costly and complicated process is | | | | can be an extremely costly operation. |
| split into several stages. The first stage is known as | | | | |