Bio Tech

In In re Apple, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit was asked to issue a writ of mandamus requiring the Eastern District Court of Texas to transfer a patent litigation case to the more convenient venue of the District Court of Massachusetts. The Eastern District of Texas had previously denied the motion to transfer because it found that that Texas had a local interest in adjudicating the case because the plaintiff was a Texas corporation. The Court of Appeals disagreed and found that the plaintiffs designation as a Texas corporation was "not entitled to significant weight" because the corporations presence there was recent and ephemeral. The plaintiff had formed as a...

MotionTek has the complete range of mechanical, electronic motion products and render complete solutions for machine building. Motion products form the main components of any machinery and they have to be of the best quality manufactured by a reliable company. The smooth working of the machinery and the quality of the production has a direct link to the motion products used in machinery. One of the most trustworthy names in Motion Products as a manufacturer and distributor is MotionTek. This company has been around since 2001 and they not only have the complete range of mechanical and electronic motion products but also render complete solutions for machine building. MotionTek has a full range of...

Introduction Very often people are curious as to whether there is a certain methodology that successful inventors are following that can be adopted by others. In my opinion, one should look no further then Thomas Edison, one of the greatest minds of the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries; inventor who gave the world a long-lasting light bulb and phonograph - just a few inventions that revolutionized and modernized our world. In fact, Edison patented 1,093 Inventions in US alone, not counting numerous patents obtained in European countries like Germany, France and England. Edison And His Methodology So, what methodology did Thomas Edison follow when he worked on his numerous ideas? Many researchers...

According to Makino, a global provider of advanced machining technology, companies doing things the same way they have been doing them for the last 10 to 15 years are probably in a "recurring uniform trap," or "RUT," while the global market is passing them by. Why do something differently? Productivity is a big reason. A 21st century equation explains what productivity requirements will be for the future; the conceptbeing half the number of people, making twice as much money, but doing three times the amount of work. In manufacturing, this concept is coming true today. Companies are looking under every rock for opportunities to improve productivity, increase efficiency and lower costs. In many...

A whole bunch of things is invented everyday. People use other ideas to create a structure for their inventions or try to make something completely new. Inventions are the product of our mind, and we should be able to obtain benefits when creating something that is useful and new. But, like in all fields, some people will try and commit frauds by taking what is right for others, in other words, stealing one's intellectual property. Due to frauds, like the one described above, inventors lose a lot of money and their effort is completely useless, so this is why some sort of protection would be useful. New laws regarding copying and distributing intellectual property can protect people's innovations...

This brief article will give you a good breakdown of what a patent is. When someone has an idea for a new product, it is necessary to file for ownership of the idea, especially if the industry is competitive enough for someone to want to steal it. In order to be recognized as the legitimate owner of something you have invented, you will need to fill out a patent application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (henceforth USPTO), to legally hold ownership for this invention. This right of ownership of the invention prevents other people from manufacturing the product without your consent. According to the Patent Law, patents are granted for a period of approximately twenty years...

In 2007, Americans spent $227.5 billion to fill over 3.3 billion prescriptions (Rx). Over 50 million people take three or more prescriptions concurrently, however the average "compliance" with taking medications as prescribed is only 50% nationwide. Disturbingly the non-compliance rates for medications used to treat serious disorders are not much better than the average compliance rate for all prescriptions. Overall Prescription Drug compliance for selected diagnosis Average: 50% Acute Asthma: 43% Mental Disorders: 25%-75% High Blood Pressure: 51% Epilepsy: 30% to 50% Diabetes: 40% to 50% Clinical Trials: 43%-78% Average compliance rates do not tell the whole story as the compliance persistence...

> Most of the individual sellers prefer to choose one or two materials to design a body piercing jewelry, but the wholesale manufactures have the entire jewelry materials to bring out different combinations.So the wholesale manufacturer has many advantages to bring out the best and perfect jewelry item. We cannot easily say that an individual body piercing jewelry manufacturer is equal to a wholesale body piercing jewelry manufacturer because when compared to individual manufacturers, the wholesale manufacturer has many advantages to bring out the best and perfect jewelry item. First difference is that, most of the individual sellers prefer to choose one or two materials...

bottom-link"> Whenever you go to buy a wheelchair very first thing you look for is that whether it has to be operated manually or it’s an electric wheel chair. wheelchairs which are operated manually are less expensive and they are lighter in weight as compared to the electric wheelchairs, this feature of manual wheelchair makes much more portable or one can say easy to carry. One’s budget, requirement and the physical state makes him to choose between powered or the manual wheelchair. But electric model offers lot of comfort or advantage over the manual one few advantages are discussed below: •    Better turning maneuverability •    Better propelling...

Dog bite injuries inflicted by Los Angeles Police Department-owned canines can be especially difficult to try in court, depending on the specific circumstance surrounding the incident. California provides special protection to police departments against dog bite lawsuits, as long as the injury occurred during an arrest and it did not stem from the police officer's use of unnecessary force. However, the definition of "excessive force" can be subjective, depending on the victim's criminal record and the events surrounding the actual arrest. When the dog bite injury occurred outside of the circumstances of a properly enforced arrest, or outside of official police department duties, California laws...

Legal or attorney malpractice is described as a lawyer's failure to render professional services with the skill, prudence, and diligence that an ordinary and reasonable lawyer would use under similar circumstances. Every time there is a "bad" or "unfortunate" case outcome it is not necessarily legal malpractice. If an attorney gave what turned out to be "bad" or "the wrong" advice, you cannot automatically accuse the prosecutor of legal malpractice. No professional can ensure or promise a positive outcome for his client. It is important to remember that what creates liability is the lawyer's failure to act in the manner the ordinary or reasonable lawyer would act in handling that matter for his...

"Seat back failure" is a life-threatening defect in many automobiles that cause numerous injuries and deaths each year. There are estimates that in 1990 there were 1,100 fatalities and 1,600 serious injuries due to seat collapses in rear-ended collisions. These injuries could have been prevented had the seat backs been designs been replaced with proven safety measures that have been readily available for decades. The underlying problem is that the national safety standard does not require adequate seat strength and many manufacturers would rather install cheaper, more dangerous seats in the lower priced lines of their cars and trucks than the more expensive, safer seats. Every American automobile...

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, every year nearly 4.7 million people become the victims of dog bites within the United States. Of these bites, almost 800,000 require medical attention, with a small percentage of dog bite injuries resulting in fatalities. If you live in the United States, it is estimated that you have a 1 in 50 chance of becoming the victim of a dog attack. This chance increases if you are a postal worker, delivery person, or utility worker. This chance also increases if you are a minor, as children tend to attract dog attacks due both to their careless play around animals and their vulnerability in size. In fact, dog bites account for one of the...

Thousands of Ford Explorer occupants have been severely injured or killed in rollover accidents due to poorly designed Ford Explorers equipped with defective Firestone tires. Ford Motor Company and Bridgestone/Firestone covered-up knowledge of deadly product defects for over ten years. A new law, the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation (TREAD) Act, was passed in recognition of the manufacturers' failure to divulge the deadly SUV/tire combination. Although both Ford and Firestone are to blame for the multitude of deaths, the root problems begin and end with Ford Motor Company. Thousands of people have suffered injury and death due to the Ford Explorer/Firestone tire...

When a consumer buys an airbag-equipped vehicle, they expect the airbags to deploy properly in the event of an accident. Thousands of lives have been saved by the installation of airbags; however there has been a shocking increase in the number of injuries and fatalities caused by various airbag systems. Over the years, there have been many technological advances, yet new airbag defects continue to arise. Airbag defects exist in cars, trucks, minivans, and SUV's made by companies such as Ford, DaimlerChrysler, General Motors, Honda, and Toyota. All of these companies have experienced significant NHTSA recalls due to the existence of defective airbags. Since 1997 more than 4,000,000 vehicles have...

Injection molding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from plastic material. Molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould, which is the inverse of the desired shape. The mould is made by a mold maker from metal, usually either steel or aluminium, and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection molding is very widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars. Services offered by providers of liquid injection molding include bonding, design assistance, graphics, tool or mold making, prototype or market entry molding, low volume production, high volume production, micro molding, large part...

What is Custom injection molding? The first question that comes to mind on hearing the term Custom injection molding is what is Custom injection molding? Custom injection molding refers to the making of plastic parts for specific applications i.e. customizing the components as per the customer's requirements. Injection molding of Custom Plastic Parts Injection molding is a process in which plastic pellets are melted and injected under high pressure into a mold cavity. The molded parts are then ejected, and the process repeated. The finished products can then be used as is, or as a component of other products. To do so requires an injection molding machine and tooling (often called a mold or die...

What is Metal Injection Molding? Metal injection molding is a powder metallurgy process used for manufacturing metal parts. Although metal injection molding uses powder metal, it is nothing like conventional powder metal processing. The metal powders used in metal injection molding are 10-100 times smaller than in powder metal processes. Also, the end product of metal injection molding is much higher in density. Metal injection molding offers the same benefits and features as plastic and rubber molding, but produces a much stronger end product. Applications for metal injection molding parts include surgical tools, automotive locks and actuators, firearm components, computer hard disk drives and...

Monitoring body weight is relevant in today's lifestyle and therefore the importance in choosing the right medical weight scales. This is crucial to doctors and hospitals, since healthcare personnel constantly need the weight of their patients in order to determine their health condition and decide on the course of treatment. There are different types of weighing scales both mechanical and digital being offered by different suppliers and hence the choice is wide. The recent buzz in this industry is of digital equipments and the technology has given way to new factors and features for medical measuring scales. It has led to the development of medical bed scale systems which allow weight measurement...

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are some severe mental disturbances, which can impact an individual's capability to react normally, in normal circumstances. This is where antipsychotic drugs play an important role. By taking these antipsychotic drugs, a person can function normally, thereby reducing the after-effects of schizophrenia. Yet, a recent spate of FDA warnings to some reputed pharmaceutical companies has triggered of a curious debate in the pharma industry. Are these antipsychotic drugs a result of careless manipulation of the quality procedures? Or, are these a victim of FDA rules and regulations? Irrespective of the FDA warnings, here are 7 things you should know about antipsychotic...

New innovation through research is becoming more and more expensive, mostly in case of pharmaceutical industries. If after investing lots on money and efforts, one cannot commercialize their invention due to unforeseen problems with third party patents, then it is a high loss. Thus to ease the commercialization of new research innovations, most innovative and research-driven companies have started outsourcing patent landscaping studies for their future research plans. These innovative and research based companies are increasingly doing themselves or outsourcing patent landscaping, prior to planning their future research projects. A patent landscape reveals past and present activities of various top...

The UK Patent Office (UK IPO) has introduced a fast tracking process for UK patent applications which relate to 'green' or environmentally friendly technology. If this is requested, then publication of the application will take place after about 6 weeks, and if the application is in order, then grant will take place following the statutory 3 months after publication. If the Examiner raises any issues during examination, then these can be taken care of during the 3 month period following publication. The 3 month period following publication is statutory to allow any third party to submit observations against grant. The 'green' or environmentally friendly fast tracking can be requested in writing. No...

As you probably have heard, the US Trademark and Patent Office (USPTO) has some problems. For a number of years, there has been a battle raging over patent reform, with new Patent Acts proposed about every other year. The biggest problems facing inventors involve the backlog of patent applications. Not only can it take years to receive your patent, but also the Patent Office, in an attempt to deal with the backlog, is rejecting applications at record rates. This is certainly bad news for inventors, but if you read on, you can learn some tips in dealing with these problems. At the end of 2008, there were over 1,200,000 total patent applications pending, about 800,000 of which were still awaiting...

Dec. 9 news, sadly resigned SMIC Chang, now set our sights on energy-saving environmental protection industry. For this option, Chang stressed that only "want to want to do before."     Has developed a solar power system     Chang was born in 1948 in Nanjing, in the public resume on their educational background, often referred to Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Master of Engineering Science, New York State University, Southern Methodist University Ph.D. in electrical engineering degree three, but He holds a Master of the degree of energy projects is often overlooked.     "My university in Taiwan, mechanical engineering, originally wanted to specialize in...

Intellectual Property is gaining the attention of all industry sectors in recent few years. In today's hypercompetitive environment, it is essential for organizations to gather competitive intelligence from different informational sources. Patents are one of the most organized and easily accessible competitive & technological information sources. Patent intelligence is the transformation of content found in multiple patent documents into technical, business and legal insight and is a key element to gain competitive advantage. Patent intelligence can provide so much more to a skilled business stakeholder, whether in a legal, R&D, strategic or business development role. Patent information can...

Pharmaceuticals scuttle for filing of patents in US market and for the extensions filed patents. Innovator seeks supplementary protection for their innovation apart from the patent term and all types of exclusivity. Such type of extension for protection can be achieved by Patent Term Extension or Adjustment. Patent Term Extension and Adjustment are not same; these are possible from certain specified types of delays that may occur due to pending of patent application before patent Office or for the clinical trials. Differences: Patent Term Extension: 1. Utility and plant patents issued from original applications other than designs, filed on or after June 8, 1995, and before May 29, 2000 can apply for...

At a time when the retail sector in India is facing perhaps its worst crisis, the book and stationery retailing industry are surprisingly still doing substantial business. After witnessing a smooth sail for the past few years, most retail segments have seen a downward trend in the second half of 2008. This drop is largely due to lower consumer spending, funding constraints and intensifying economic conditions. However, this does not hold true for book and stationery retailers who continued to deliver consistent performance inspite of the declining economic conditions. While consumer durables and lifestyle brands suffered heavy losses due to the economic downturn, the demand and sale of books and...

Traditionally, patent information searches are done, as a part of the drafting a patent drafting, before patent filing or during patent litigation. During the recent few years, there have been lots of activity and interest had been evolved in the area of patents. Patents are now being considered as one of the major source of technological and competitive information. Computer and internet technologies made it very easy to access these big informational sources. In our highly competitive business environment Patent awareness is a critical skill for business managers, engineers, researchers, inventors, consultants, or anyone involved in Patent issues. Patents are an important source of technological...

With a little guidance, performing a patent search on your own is easy and cost-effective and such savings can be applied to the preparation and drafting of a patent application covering your invention. Performing a patent search is the most reliable way of discovering whether any similar patents or applications exist, which may be relevant to your invention or could affect the outcome of your own patent application. Being armed with this prior information known as 'prior art' serves two purposes: 1. It helps to determine the likelihood of your invention obtaining protection in the US Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) and whether or not you should invest money in filling a patent application. If...

Most employers assume that they hold the unspecified right over their employee's inventions that were made on the job. The thought comes from the fact that they have achieved the invention by using the resources available at the work place and otherwise, the invention would not have been possible. Several employers have an employment agreement which mentions that the employee's intellectual ideas belong to them. However, if there was no such written agreement, then the employer cannot assume that the right of inventions belongs to them. In such a case, it would be inappropriate in the eye of law. Also, if an employer decides to pursue or wins the case against the employee in the absence of a written...

To promote justice, the United States law allows for private citizens to bring forth lawsuits on behalf of the government. If a citizen notices another person or company committing fraud or other such crimes, the citizen can accuse the criminal of defrauding the government and take that person to court. This is called qui tam law. One part of qui tam law includes a provision against false marking. The U.S. government recognizes that people and companies can develop important products or ideas that should be protected. Thus, the government allows you to apply for patents and other copyright options to protect your intellectual property from other people. This way, you can use your idea or item for...

LED LCD backlight TV 2010, market demand, large-size LED backlight applications will become the main industry growth, however divergent because of LED plant to expand capacity, which raised worries fear will enter production oversupply, Samsung has a more outgoing Korean plant Electronic (SamsungElectronics) LED faucet factory will cut single-crystal power, make LED industry gathering clouds. LED chip industry have said that the current order is still greater than production, a conservative estimate of at least 2 percent gap orders over capacity now is only worried about whether it can meet the market demand. LED chip factory in January 2010 is not the weak revenue performance, despite fewer working...

An inventor looking to patent an idea should consider doing a personal patent search before hiring a patent attorney. Patents are granted to novel ideas. If someone else came up with your idea before you did, you might not be able to get a patent. That would be too bad. But it would be worse if you also paid a lot of money only to find out that someone had beaten you to the punch. By taking a few minutes to perform a simple search, inventors often find that they are not the first to have a really good idea. The term of art used for evidence that someone has come up with your invention before you is "prior art." Prior art might be a patent, a patent application, a product, or an article that embodies...

It is obvious that with every new innovation, there are always companies waiting in the wings to copy that idea and make money on it. If this is to be avoided, it will be necessary to lodge that idea so that no one can steal the plans or idea before the owner of it brings it to the market. For a list of available experts, look for 'patent attorney ' on the internet which should give some idea of just what is available. What these experts do is to draw up a draught of the plans or idea in such a way that it is obvious that no one else has thought of the idea as yet. This is not an easy task as the draught may have to be redone several times before it is accepted for registering. Even they themselves...

Current technological development necessitates conducting searches of patent information to avoid unnecessary investment as well as gaining the seeds for technological development and the applicable fields contained in the patent information. In order to accomplish this, visual representation of related patent information (hereinafter "Patent Map") attracts the attention of the persons concerned. A patent map is produced by gathering related patent information of a target technology field, processing, and analyzing it. In simple terms, patent landscape mapping (PLM) is a tool to analyze existing IP to determine the risks and opportunities of participating in a given technology and/or product space...

INTRODUCTION The concept of "intellectual property" in India over the last few years has taken on some epic proportions for a number of reasons. One of the primary reasons, attributable to the growing awareness among the urban Indian population, is of the significance and, more importantly, the commercial benefits in protecting its intellectual property rights both within and outside India. And under traditional principles of intellectual property protection, patent law is to encourage scientific research, new technology and industrial progress. The fundamental principle of patent law is that the patent is granted only for an invention i.e. new and useful the said invention must have novelty and...

Many inventors come up with a great idea and wish to sell this idea to another company in trade for royalties for use of their patent. This makes sense because the inventor does not have to start his own company and go thru all the risks to build the device and can sit back in his home workshop and come up with his next invention or innovation. Often these inventors when making an agreement do not put in the contract that they want audit rights to the company's books which will be mass producing and bringing to market this innovative invention that they thought of. Recently I was asked by a think tanker; "I need more insight on the audit rights you talked about?" Well if this company starts selling...

As a technology and intellectual property attorney in Carlsbad, San Diego, California, Newport Beach, Orange County, CA and a lawyer in the Palm Springs and Palm Desert area, like many who remain hopeful for the future, new developments in technology are constantly catching one's eye. Whenever current affairs, such as the current economic crisis makes the news seem bleak, an inventor or scientist makes a startling new discovery or obtains a patent that could be of monumental help to mankind. A recent report has come out that the Chinese are building what was thought to be an impossible space drive, one that might not only open up the possibilities of much more extensive space exploration but which...

Have you developed or had the inkling to develop something that might benefit mankind as a whole? Or have you just developed something that will make kitchen life easier in your garage? Regardless of what your current or future inventions may be you need to take the steps to protect them. Getting a patent on your item is the first step to insuring no one can copy your product or cheat you out of money. In order to get a patent for your device, product, or service you have to have three things. These are money, a journal outlining what it is your offering, and diagrams to illustrate how it works. These can differ in form, presentation, function, or implementation but they are needed in order to get a...

In this article we're going to do a brief historical review of the United States Patent Office. The first national patent system was influenced by Thomas Jefferson in 1790. This was actually added to the United States Constitution in order to protect the rights of inventors. From this began the growth of the American corporation. Even though the original thirteen colonies has individual patent laws it wasn't until this constitutional act that the patent system became uniform for everyone. Actually, the modern concept of the patent itself was established in Great Britain in the year 1449. That year King Henry VI issued a patent to John of Utynam for stained glass manufacturing. The actual...

That Franchise Tax Board (FTB) has begun mailing notices (FTB 4106 MEO) to taxpayers who meet the mandatory e-pay threshold. The new mandatory e-pay law requires taxpayers to remit their payments electronically if their tax liability exceeds $80,000, or they made estimated tax or extension payment exceeding $20,000. The first payment that would trigger the mandatory e-pay requirement is the 2009 taxable year first quarter estimate that was due April 15, 2009. This first payment did not have to be made electronically, but all future payments should be made electronically. For the 2009 calendar year the FTB will not impose the mandatory e-pay penalty (1% of the amount paid) to allow taxpayers and...

Whether you live in San Diego, Orange County, in the farming areas of the Coachella Valley and Central California, or in high tech areas such as La Jolla and Irvine, biotechnology and patent law is vital to business. I've been asked, "What is biotechnology really about and does it mean the end of civilization as we know it." It is often referred to as genetic engineering, which will cause the average person to go into a sweat fearing that he may have just eaten some genetically altered food for breakfast. But biotechnology is so much more, and in this writer's opinion, it is the hope of mankind if it is developed with an abiding respect for nature and a doctor's creed of ensuring no harm is done...

Teleradiology is a field of telemedicine. It electronically transfers a patient’s radiological images from one location to another for the purposes of interpretation and/or consultation from radiologists sitting at a distant location. Teleradiology is increasingly used by hospitals and institutions to gain accessibility of specialists and sub-specialists (in remote location) for radiology services. A teleradiologist can view a radiology report and provide a diagnosis without being present in the same room as the patient. An additional advantage of teleradiology is the availability of round-the-clock service. However, legislations by some countries require teleradiologists to be within the country...

t research firm Gartner released the latest semiconductor equipment market forecasts, in 2010 more than doubled, reaching 122%, but the 2011 and 2012, respectively, increased by only 10% and 7.4%, the speed slowed down significantly. However, some companies even more pessimistic view, such as Barclays CJ Muse, its view of equipment in 2011, up 20% from the original, down to down 10%, the contrast between great people to panic. And 2011 the global semiconductor equipment will again fall to 250 million. Its reason is the prospect of global economic uncertainty, the technology supply chain, lack of market demand, especially memory and OEM markets weakened. Muse believes that the future situation with...

If you are on the brink of realizing your dream of starting your own hotel or bed and breakfast, chances are you have been dreaming of this day for a long time. No one will need to tell you of all the details to consider, as you probably spend every weekend browsing catalogues and window displays for ideas and inspiration for your own place. The kind of hospitality products you decide on will speak largely about the type of institution you will be running.   If money is of no object to you, then only the best hospitality products will make it into your hotel or bed and breakfast, but you do not need to spend a lot to give your place a warm and hospitable glow. Selecting a theme for your guesthouse...

OVERVIEW For Student Tracking Enablitz was designed specifically for pupil transportation to monitor student ridership in a safe and non-intrusive way.  Knowing if and when a student got on or off the bus accounts for a significant portion of calls parents make to schools and is information that schools need to know.  Enablitz provides accurate and immediate answers. Just What Schools Have Been Asking For Agnicient has succeeded where others have not by using Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) technology to solve the problem.  Students carry a small card that contains passive RFID technology that logs each student's entry or exit automatically when the student pass the scanner located...

Decision-making in this world of increased information, technology, population and communication is a serious and growing problem. The traditional method of Decision-Making isn’t providing adequate results. Different proponents have different approaches to decision-making ranging from a 4-step process to 7 steps or more and it is based on problem solving. Generally the steps look something like the following: • Define or clarify the problem. Somehow this whole process sounds negative to me. There is nothing positive about problems or estimating consequences. Flawed assumptions can derail the process and a misstep at this stage can lead to a bad decision or possible solution to the wrong problem...

With assortments of career alternatives out there, students are split on choices as to which career path to pursue. In such milieu, let us discuss some of the imperative and pertaining careers in Finance, Marketing and IT. The finance industry is an ever green career option which never goes out of fashion and the sheer number of alternatives accessible when it comes to Careers in finance will surely sweep you off your feet. Let us browse through some of the most sought after careers in finance. You can aim to be a mutual fund advisor or a relationship manager or you can look forward to a career as a banker in any of the numerous banking establishments. Some other alluring careers in financing...

Be set off in the Chinese badminton team and the Uber Cup, Thomas Cup, the Chinese Badminton Association has received support from the business. April 18, Nanjing, China, ABA and the cause of victory Sporting Goods Co., Ltd. in Beijing signed a contract this year until 2008, the victory of a year the company won four major national badminton tournament naming rights, at the same time, the company will be China Badminton Team sponsors, under the agreement, the victory provided the company 12 million yuan within three years of sponsorship, including sponsorship of 900 million, equipment worth three million yuan. In the April 18 signing ceremony at the State Sports General Administration of Ping Yu...