Bio Tech

How Medicines are developed in the European Union and how their safety is monitored. This is a brief introduction to the complex environment in which are developed within the EU and how their safety is monitored. Most of the information can be applied generally across the world but the focus here is on the way it works in the UK and the European Union How drugs are developed. Once candidate molecules have been selected for development they go through a program of pre-clinical and clinical research which will hopefully end in an application for marketing authorisation. The vast majority of molecules fail to complete the course: as few as 1 in 10,000 of the molecules entering the program will be...

Recent drug withdrawals and cases of adverse drug effects on patients have stolen the confidence among people in using certain drugs. The only way to instill confidence in patients is to make the promise of safety and adherence to quality standards in available medicines. Here marketing doesn't work. Only honesty does. And pharmacovigilance signal detection is one of the best ways to detect and prevent adverse events. Let's face it; drug safety is an issue because no one is fully aware of what side effects it can have. So it is important to detect an adverse event with the assistance signal detections.The practice of pharmacovigilance allows detection, assessment, understanding and prevention...

Following the incessant health troubles evoked by pharmaceutical drugs, a major emphasis has been placed on ensuring drug safety. Pharmacovigilance has a major role to play in doing so. It helps in detection, assessment, research and prevention of adverse side effects by drugs. Since it has such an important function in ensuring drug safety, an effective methodology that optimally recognizes the damage causing factor in a particular drug and helps eliminate that factor should be designed. Different pharmaceutical firms use different Pharmacovigilance methods. The comprehensiveness of the system is very important in detecting the problem causing element in the drug quickly and most precisely. Over...

Pharmacovigilance is a big deal these days. With companies bringing drugs to the market at the drop of a hat and regulatory bodies setting up stringent rules on drug safety standards, an effective pharmacovigilance system is a necessity for most drug manufacturers. Today, regulatory authorities demand greater transparency during pre-marketing and post-marketing of each drug. It’s also imperative that drug companies record and manage data on each and every aspect of the drug manufacturing and marketing process because pharmaceutical risk management policies are getting tighter by the day. So, it pays to invest in an effective and efficient pharmacovigilance system as it works to benefit the drug...

Product Registration Getting marketing authorisation for medicinal products in more than one Member State in the EU is done by using one of three procedures: "Mutual Recognition Procedure" and "Decentralised Procedure" - Directive 2001/83/EC. As well as these, national authorisations still allow products to be marketed in individual countries in the EU. Products could be authorised separately in several Member States by a number of national authorisations, alternatively one of these authorisations could be used to apply for authorization using the Mutual Recognition Procedure. Where products have national authorisation, the regulatory agency of the country concerned has to monitor and assess the...

Medical science has grown in leaps and bounds since the days of Hippocrates. Modern day pharmaceutical drugs are really life-savers. They have increased life expectancy and improved the quality of life for millions of people. But there is the other side of the coin as well. These drugs sometimes have very adverse effects that can even be life-threatening. The drug Vioxx is a case in point. What is pharmacovigilance? There is a need to monitor the effects of drugs before and after it's successfully tested and launched in the market. Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring and assessing the quality of drugs; detecting and preventing any adverse effects of drugs. Pharmacovigilance involves evaluating...

Pharmacovigilance has a huge role to play in ensuring drug safety and safety of patients.The WHO, which is the chief body of health works with the collaboration of Centre for International Drug Monitoring and promotes pharmacovigilance at country level. Pharmacovigilance is a science of drug reaction. Its chief aim is to study the reaction of the drug on patients.It involves detection of ill effects of medicines on patients, assessment, research and prevention of adverse drug side effects on patients.World Health Organization defines it as "The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or possible drug-related problems."The process...

Cliniminds Pleased to announce the commencement of live video conferencing classes from June 2010. This is the first time in India that Clinical Research courses are being delivered through video conferencing. Cliniminds is one of the pioneer institute in India which  provides education & training solutions in Clinical research & allied fields since 2004. During this 6 year tenure Cliniminds introduced several value added services like online e learning system, customized workshops for the pharmaceutical companies, online examinations  to save learners valuable time and implement cost effectiveness. Cliniminds now in collaboration with Cisco WebEx to provide clinical research video...

The world of medicines and drugs can indeed be quite interesting and exciting with new life saving and other drugs being invented by science. While this can be life saving and disease annihilating, there is also the possibility of many side effects resulting on account of the consumption of these drugs. There have been many instances of loss of life as well as severe complications due to patients being administered drugs that have reacted with their systems and caused many after effects. It is with a view to analyzing these effects that drug safety pharmacovigilance has been brought into effect as a field of medico-scientific enquiry. As the term implies, pharmacovigilance means being careful, alert...

Recent drug withdrawals and cases of adverse drug effects on patients have stolen the confidence among people in using certain drugs. The only way to instill confidence in patients is to make the promise of safety and adherence to quality standards in available medicines. Here marketing doesn't work. Only honesty does. And pharmacovigilance signal detection is one of the best ways to detect and prevent adverse events. Let's face it; drug safety is an issue because no one is fully aware of what side effects it can have. So it is important to detect an adverse event with the assistance signal detections. The practice of pharmacovigilance allows detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of...

Even large pharmaceutical companies struggle to find suitable expertise in-house. Running a search in Google for "pharmacovigilance job" will show you just how desperate the shortage it. This shortage of talent brings consequent problems when they are inspected by the competent authorities, such inspections being an inevitable part of the pharmacovigilance process. The demands on medium and small companies are such that they can not comply economically in-house and must outsource parts or all of their pharmacovigilance and drug safety operations. They are then left trying to find a reliable pharmacovigilance resource that they can trust. For small and medium-sized pharmaceutical companies the cost...

How can companies use the increasing demands for legislative and regulatory compliance to provide benefit? Whilst good governance, effective risk management and compliance management are undoubtedly a challenge for many businesses and can be viewed as onerous they can also be viewed in a more attractive light as a catalyst for change. If embraced correctly they can help organizations achieve greatly improved business performance in turn creating increased shareholder value. Today there are many legislative, regulatory and best-practice standards affecting organizations and the number and complexity of these requirements is forecast to increase. From our perspective it is essential that...

Today, most drugs are manufactured for the global market and must meet stringent regulatory standards. Be it the American FDA, UK's MHRA or the Indian Central Drugs Standard Control, drug companies need to comply to global norms before they can start manufacturing and selling drugs. Regulatory compliance is required at all stages of the drug development and marketing process. So, drug companies choose to use a reliable Pharmaceutical Regulatory Compliance Software that helps them monitor and manage their compliance procedures. This is great software that processes all forms of information pertaining to compliance - right from registration tracking to registration updates, and even change request...

Neihu, Taiwan and Tsukuba, Japan (January 25, 2010). National Institute for Environmental Studies and the Abnova Corporation have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on a joint research relating to the use of chicken primordial germ cell (PGC) for protein and monoclonal antibody production. The technique for obtaining germline chimeras from primordial germ cell has been established in chicken. This collaboration is intended to address the commercial applicability of transgenic chicken as a robust and efficient bio-factory for biopharmaceutical manufacturing which represents an essential bottleneck in cost, time, and scalability in current drug development, and especially in the post NDA...

Although pharmaceutical consulting has existed for only about 20 years, it has arguably shaped the landscape of medical care in the U.S. more than almost any other administrative function. Yet surprisingly, few consumers are aware of the day-to-day decisions that firms make on their behalf. Here's a behind-the-scenes consumer's guide to pharmaceutical consulting. What it is: Pharmaceutical consulting is a process through which specialized firms help companies and health-care providers reduce the cost of prescription medication. The methods vary widely, from limiting the types of medications that are covered by insurers, to analyzing administrative processes and recommending improvements in...

-- End Ad Box ---> Fact… 45% of all supplements you buy are defective in some way. Will the GMP change that? Until now there have been no laws requiring the label to accurately tell you what is actually in your bottle of vitamins or supplements. So the government has begun requiring certification programs that must be verified by an independent lab on all supplements and vitamins. The GMP or Good Manufacturing Practice certification will begin in 2009. This verifies quality control, cleanliness, checking the identity and potency of ingredients, and testing of the final products for potency, purity and authenticity. There will be plant inspections to observe cleanliness. This was implemented due to...

In the race to get the next billion-dollar drug into the market, pharma companies need to continuously keep up with several rules and regulations brought out by regulatory authorities. It’s a huge challenge since there needs to an open communication channel through which critical information needs to go back and forth between authorities and the drug manufacturer. Pharmaceutical regulations are an absolute necessity in this era of cutthroat competition among drug companies. It’s what ensures that the public gets the best possible cure while minimizing the adverse effects of drugs on users. With news of drugs being withdrawn from the markets and with drug regulations becomes stringent by the day...

Most consumers are unaware of the drug development process that goes behind the medicines they take before these are released to the public. Unbeknownst to many, it actually takes 10 to 12 years and nearly $900 million before a pharmaceutical company could introduce a new drug to the public. It takes more than a decade to develop a new drug because the substances to be used in developing a pharmaceutical product must pass the pre-clinical and clinical tests, and these substances aren't only a few. Pharmaceutical companies often research and test thousands of different substances and compounds before a new drug could be successfully introduced into the market. Although it may seem like 10,000-30,000...

Pharmaceutical manufacturing has contributed a lot to the mankind. It is one sphere of medical science where man has made significant achievements and beaten many deadly diseases. However, we are ignorant of some facts about these pharmaceutical industries and the challenges pharmaceutical gradates face while developing medications against various lethal diseases. Pharmaceutical manufacturing plants have manufactured numerous drugs and medicines that can cure common as well as crucial diseases. But the cost of these medicines is very high and cannot be afforded by common people. There is a misconception in the mind of common people that pharmaceutical manufacturing industries and biotechnological...

The Medical product development process involves attentive planning and analysis, comprehensive and systematic documentation, weekly reporting, and detailed quality reviews, at the same time adhering to industry standards and definite legalization and controls. Medical product development also involves assessing end-user needs and time-to-market requirements. In case of medical product development, if functional design regarding the product is not available or complete, companies can do by recognizing the desired product capabilities, presentation requirements, features and functions. Subsequently, they have to evaluate technological tradeoffs, find out the scope of the product development project...

Complying with GLP regulations always entails GLP training. For example, GLP training is required "in bits and pieces" throughout the 21 CFR Part 58 regulations, and when those bits and pieces are combined, its easy to see that GLP training requirements result in an obvious need for the improved management of GLP training processes across a variety of industries. GLP Training Requirements Those GLP training requirements found in part 58 start with section 58.29(a), which essentially states that anyone who has any responsibility for conduct or supervision in a nonclinical research laboratory must have "the education, training, and experience, or combination thereof"1 that he or she will need to do...

In the pharmaceutical industry, a lot of research, time, manpower and money goes into R&D for the development of novel drugs and bringing them into market. If the innovations are not protected with a proper fence of integrated technologies then generic companies would exploit the invention without giving much benefit to the innovator company. Hence, it is mandatory for the innovator company to apply for patent protection at least in those geographical areas where the innovator company wishes to market their product, retain monopoly and refrain their competitors entering into the market till the patent term for the innovation expires. This article discusses various strategies employed by the...

Businesses in a range of industry sectors are sure to need access to PCB assembly, electronic assembly and medical device manufacturers at one time or another. These are processes that should never be taken lightly and require an expert touch for the project to be successful, and that's why you always need to choose your manufacturer carefully to ensure you get the results that you're looking for. Trust the experts to give you what you need It's essential that you seek out the experts if you're looking for PCB/electronic assembly or medical device manufacturers. They'll have all the experience and knowledge necessary to take charge of your project from start to finish, and are the only people who...

CAMBRIDGE, MA and LONDON--(Marketwire - February 9, 2010) - Quanticate, a global biometrics clinical research organization (CRO), today announced that it has appointed Dr. Alison Bond to lead its new Pharmacovigilance Services team. The appointment further supports Quanticate's mission in continuing to expand its clinical trial services offerings to support customers around the world. The new pharmacovigilance service offers clinical trial and post-marketing pharmacovigilance in order to provide comprehensive surveillance throughout the product lifecycle. These services include adverse event case management and reporting, signal detection and evaluation, literature screening and review, and...

Toyota, Home Depot, Ritz Carlton...there's no substitute for a strong brand name and top-of-mind awareness among your target customer group. But how can you build your brand when you are in the early stages of growing your company and have the unavoidable expenses related to pre-market science and development, regulatory compliance, intellectual property protection, not to mention payroll, inventory and all the other essential costs. Let's take a look at some ways to get the biggest bang for your buck as you begin building your brand. IMAGE - Before you go any further, you must decide what primary message you want your audience to associate with your name. Let's assume you make minimally invasive...

As the name suggests, a coating is a special covering which is applied to substrate like semiconductors, medical devices, or various metals in order to improve their surface properties or enhance their efficiency. It can heighten the quality of appearance, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and scratch resistance – all in addition to extending a device’s durability. Semiconductors, used in the construction of complex and sensitive, precision gadgets (as well as generally used electronic products) also come with requisite coating. This article highlights some basic points in semiconductor coating and medical device coating. What is a semiconductor? To put it in simpler words, semiconductor is a...

There is a fun and inexpensive way of promoting your pharmaceutical products. Stress balls are one of the most popular promotional products available. There are hundreds of pharmaceutical shapes available which can be manufactured in the colors of your choice at no additional expense to you. This offers you a chance to promote your products with stress balls that look like they were manufactured with you in mind. I recommend typing the exact product shapes you are looking for into your favourite search engines. There are sure to be good companies that specialise in promotional stress balls in your area. It is important to look for suppliers that work directly with the manufacturer so that you can...

Not too long ago, a bipartisan group of senators in the United States introduced legislation that could spell big problems for the pharmaceutical industry. The "Pharmaceutical Market Access and Drug Safety Act" is a piece of legislation being pushed through the Senate to immediately reduce drug prices for consumers, which will ultimately force the Bio-Pharma Industry to have to drastically reduce the price of drugs here in the United States. According to the Congressional Budget committee, this piece of legislation could ultimately save the American consumer upwards to 50 billion dollars over the next decade. However, some in the pharmaceutical industry are crying foul. Many pharmaceutical...

For hospitals to stay up to date on all the new advances in medicine, there are several key areas that they must always ensure are staffed with the most knowledgeable staff, best technology and proper hygiene processes. Only when the hospital managers take it into their own hands to ensure that protocols are kept to and every member of staff works to the highest standards, will British health care come to have a better reputation, and patients will have a better experience whilst in hospital. The pharmacy department, surgery and wards are where most hospitals face the toughest challenges on an everyday basis, but how can they ensure that these areas are kept on top performance levels? The Pharmacy...

The twenty-first century has seen a proliferation in the number of fad diets and extreme weight loss programmes touted to consumers desperate to change their bodies. There are serious health concerns attached to the majority of these diets that claim to be a quick fix for muffin tops, bingo wings and wobbly thighs, which dieters are not always aware of, or choose to ignore in the hope of achieving the 'perfect' body. This is not helped by stick thin celebrities advertising unrealistic and unattainable diets like the maple syrup diet, the caffeine diet and the chain smoking diet. However these diets force people to give up food almost entirely, with no emphasis on exercise and with dieters putting...

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for evaluating the safety of all foods and prescriptions that enter the U.S. market. The FDA sets certain regulations that must be met in order for a product to pass and be approved for sale. Essentially, its main responsibility is to protect the American people from potentially dangerous products that could cause harm. Some products that are known to cause adverse side effects in some people are still allowed on the market as long as a warning is placed on the box. Knowing the risks associated with drugs that you are taking or have taken in the past can help you stay informed of health dangers that you may face. Black Box Warnings The FDA...

Main topic of today is using Agile in an FDA regulated medical device context. Sounds like an impossibility I know, but the folks from Agiletek and Abbott presented a very interesting case study on how they did it. They started off by presenting "the way it used to work", highlighting an older product development cycle from the 1990s that had very strictly defined dev phases, including a 10-12 week integration cycle - yikes! When they decided to implement Agile on a more recent project they broke up their 3-5 year dev cycle in 6 week iterations. Here were the biggest barriers they found to achieving this: - Documentation - they tackled this topic upfront. There is a perception that the FDA wants...

ody"> When choosing a pharma consulting organisation for your business, it’s really important to make sure that the consultants themselves are suitably qualified to be able to offer the right kind of training and advice for your business. As with all consultants, pharma consulting professionals should also have experience working within the pharmaceutical industry, allowing them to draw on real life situations within an ever-growing and changing sector. This means that pharma consultants should have a greater amount of understanding about your business and will be able to give you the necessary tools and skills to continue successful production within the pharmaceutical industry...

Prescription drugs are the main pharmaceutical industry products. These products are generating high revenue amounts but there are also other types of products that make up the whole pharmaceutical industry. Biologics are composed of a variety of products that include vaccines, antibodies, blood, blood components, therapeutic proteins, tissues, allergenics and somatic cells. They are used for variety of medicinal, pharmaceutical and other important purposes. Generic drugs are used interchangeably with branded drugs in the market. Basically, a generic drug is quickly approved in the market. Regulators of drugs would not necessarily require detailed testing and clinical trials for generic drugs. What...

Glucose is a compound that is naturally found in the body. It supplies energy for the body and now, it is found to be capable of generating significant amount of energy that could possibly, if further improved, supply energy for implanted devices. This discovery is very significant to medical device suppliers (like pacemaker and artificial organs). They call the technology as the "glucose biofuel cell". The device can convert the available glucose and oxygen into usable electricity. The device was tested by using two rats. It was implanted in the abdomen of the rats, and was able to attain the power of 6.5 microwatts. Wasn't bad, knowing that the standard pacemaker requires 10 microwatts to keep the...

  Post-Inspection   At the conclusion of the inspection, the investigator will request a closing meeting with management. If conditions that the investigator believes to be CGMP deviations have been observed, a form FDA 483 "Notice of Inspectional Observations" will be issued. If any of the deviations have been corrected and the corrections shown to the investigator during the course of the inspection, the investigator should be requested to annotate the FDA 483. (Note: The investigator will not annotate the FDA 483 without being requested to do so. Only in the case of medical device inspections is s/he required to comply with the request. In the writer's experience, investigators are usually...

Many people, either due to birth defect, accidental injury, or simply old age, have joint conditions that cause loss of mobility. In advanced cases this can cause considerable pain and anguish. When doctors determine that the problem can only be remedied with orthopedic surgery, to augment or replace the affected joint, orthopedic manufacturing comes to the rescue. Orthopedic manufacturers produce the supports and replacement joints that allow patients to return to normal life again. This procedure often is highly successful, but, of course, there are risks associated with any type of surgery. The story of Jack Nicklaus, (a hip replacement patient) is a classic orthopedic case history. He lived with...

After the inspection is finished, you will probably find yourself with a lot of things to be corrected, either in the process, system, documents, or in relation to your cGMP compliance program.. Don't let panic get hold of you, this is normal, and you can still implement some remedial actions to overcome this situation. It is important to note, however, that perfection is not probably possible at the preapproval stage, as there are too many variables to be considered. As your pharmaceutical consultant may have warned you, most of the issues sometimes deal with the way of presenting facts, figures, and documentation, rather than the real content of the data itself. Some consulting firms in the...

1. Do not settle or avoid negotiation. Negotiating a salary that reflects your value is essential for two reasons. First, smaller salaries hurt your long-term finances. You will receive smaller raises and a smaller pension in the long term. All medical device professionals should be prepared to negotiate their initial salary offer, but some avoid negotiation to avoid feeling uncomfortable. Just remember, if you take a salary that you feel is beneath you, you will come to resent your employer and dislike your job. To help with the initial discomfort, research the company's average salaries. This information can help you feel more comfortable negotiating your salary since you will know more about what...

All over the world at present there is a great activity as scientists investigate plants, micro-organisms, marine creatures and many other forms of life for biological activity. There is a desire to find out more about the interactions between one organisms and another which can be attributed to the chemical substances present in at least one of the species concerned. The area where activity has been greatest is the effect of extracts from the flowering plants on human physiology and human pathogens, since this is very relevant to the discovery of new drugs for treating diseases of human beings and other mammals. There are mainly two reasons for interest in natural products. Firstly, the use of...

Why does drug research cost so much money? That is the question on the minds of almost everyone, from patients and doctors to the media and the government. Over the last several decades advances in pharmaceuticals have transformed health care on many different levels. Today, more health problems than ever before can be prevented, cured, and even managed for years with the help of prescription drugs. In fact, for some people, the use of prescription pharmaceuticals can even prevent even costlier health care in the long run. With more than 90% of senior citizens and almost 60% of non-elderly adults needing prescription medications on a regular basis, the pharmaceutical industry is booming. However...

Compound Danshen Dripping Pills in traditional Chinese medicine theory and modern Medicine Combination of learning technologies developed on the basis of modern Traditional Chinese medicine Pill, is Pharmacopoeia Compound Danshen Tablets innovative dosage forms. It has the blood stasis, qi analgesic effect, mainly due to the Chest for qi stagnation, Zheng Jian chest tightness, precordial tingling; angina pectoris who see the syndrome. The pharmacological effects of Danshen Dropping Pill, including anti-ischemic effect, improve the role of blood rheology, anti-atherosclerosis effects, antiarrhythmic effects, anti-ischemic brain injury and the extension of thrombus formation time. Traditional Chinese...

Monitor the data. Monitor the monitor. What do you monitor - what do you ask for when doing an audit? What detection tactics and strategies work? - Ask for all subject information (clinical data, docs, records) pertinent to the clinical study: 1. CRFs 2. Source worksheets 3. Clinical charts 4. Sign-in sheets 5. Lab requisitions 6. Shipping records. - Accept no copies, only evaluate originals 1. Review originals whenever possible. - There is no easy way, don't just inventory and log, use your experience and understanding - Read - 1. Lab reports 2. X-rays. - Fraud exists, expect fraud on an audit - assume fraud - work backwards. - Question data, question and follow "open-ended data", "loose-ends...

Obviously, the pharmaceutical industry is exceptionally fast paced with all sorts of new products reaching the market daily. The issue of stem cell research is clearly contentious and those involved in it should consider the use of pharmaceutical consultancy firms to guide them over any obstacles that are likely to be faced through endeavouring to develop stem cell based products. Pharmaceutical consultancy companies are one of the most vital cogs within the industry and are essential in helping to ensure the safety of the products reaching the marketplace. The creation of stem cells is still a bone of contention within the pharmaceutical industry but there are those who argue that its potential...

If you are the owner of a pharmaceutical business that produces life saving medicines for people struggling with the battle against cancer, or, whether medical industry business produces medical devices such as artificial legs, man-made heart valves, female breast implants or surgical gloves, you will do well to consider the benefits of pharmaceutical training and consultancy for your workforce. So what are the real benefits of pharmaceutical training and ensuring that your employees are well trained? This may seem obvious, but it's worth remembering them once in a while - too many companies know exactly why they should train their staff, but often fail to ensure that this is completed in an up-to...

A few years ago, the idea of integrating Internet capability, a camera and a video and audio player into a single compact device based on a cell phone was very appealing but hard, if not impossible to imagine. Now, there's Apple's iPhone and any number of competing devices that made that possibility an affordable, common reality. Converging different technologies into one single product is not confined to consumer and entertainment products anymore, either. Various industries, and in particular the pharmaceutical and medical device segments, are finding innovative means to deliver multi-functional healthcare products. It is a trend that has been developing for a few years now, and the stage is set...

For years, I, as most people do, went from childhood vitamins to taking none at all! Then as I got older, and become more health conscience, I returned to the store shelf where Mom had undoubtedly purchased my vitamins when I was child. I began taking supplements off the shelf and didn't see any huge difference in my health. In fact in some cases I almost felt worse! So, I stopped taking them, and for a number of years I went away from supplements altogether. Then as I grew older, developed more allergies, and dealt with more migraine headaches, I began to develop a more serious approach to what I put into my body and I began to research supplements more thoroughly. After years of not getting what I...

Regulatory affairs is a booming business that is drawing bright minds from around the globe to burgeoning career opportunities. Considered a relatively new profession, the industry of regulatory affairs is a government job which monitors the quality of services, including health services and health products, which we receive. The public health is monitored through safety controls and the efficiency of products, which is what a pharmaceutical regulatory affairs job is centred on. Areas covering pharmaceutical drugs, veterinary medicines, medical devices, pesticides, cosmetic and complementary medicines are all included in these regulations. A regulatory affairs professional keeps track of and...

Pharmaceutical training is essential for medical device businesses, pharmaceutical companies and nutraceutical organisations that play a huge role in our everyday lives. They carry out an important role in providing the world's national health services with quality products that can enable them to treat patients with the very best care and medical attention. Of course, because many of the products that pharmaceutical businesses manufacture are critical to saving the lives of seriously ill patients suffering from disease or from patients who've suffered serious injuries from accidents. Other, in our everyday lives, help us by providing plasters for cuts from kitchen knives, paracetamol for self...